Dinámicas y tendencias de la ganadería doble propósito en el sur del Estado de México

El sur del Estado de México, es zona ganadera y tiene el mayor inventario de bovinos en unidades de producción (UP) orientadas al doble propósito (DP). La información para este estudio se obtuvo de 78 UP seleccionadas mediante muestreo probalístico y se analizó de acuerdo a tres grupos: extensivo ( UPDPE ), tradicionalista ( UPDPT ) y semi-intensivo, ( UPDPSI ). El objetivo fue evaluar la dinámica, entendida como los cambios o innovaciones a través del tiempo (eva - luación ex-ante y ex-post), los objetivos y las opiniones de los ganaderos sobre el medio socioeconómico en el cual se desarrollan y la toma de decisiones en las UP, mediante Escala de Likert. Hubo cambios importantes en el aprovechamiento de la tierra y mayor tendencia al pastoreo, aumento del tamaño del hato, cuidado del ambiente e importancia de la toma de decisiones del ganadero. Resalta el manejo diferenciado de la ganadería, producto de las decisiones de los ganaderos sobre puntos estratégicos que determinan la capacidad de adaptación de las UP al medio socioeconómico en el cual se desarrollan

Germinación de semilla de durazno criollo (Prunus persica) en clima tropical, aplicando el método de estratificación, para la obtención de portainjertos, en el vivero forestal militar No. 22, San Miguel Ixtapan, Tejupilco México.

En el trabajo se evaluó la germinación de semillas de durazno criollo, para la obtención de portainjertos. La germinación de la semilla se realizó con el método de estratificación de horas frío. El trabajo experimental se realizó en dos estaciones del año, bajo invernadero

Simulating the effect of climate on star grass growth and quality and its capacity to support milk production in the tropical regions of Mexico

The objective of the present study was to simulate the effect of the seasonal variation of climate on the nutritional value and dry matter yield of star grass and its capacity to support milk production alone or with concentrate supplementation in small- scale milk production systems in the tropical regions of Mexico. Two mathematical simulation models were used, the fi rst model simulates the growth and yield of star grass ( Cynodon plectostachyus ), and the second model simulates the productive performance of dairy cows. Both models were integrated in a decision-making support system (DSSTROP). Models predictions were validated by a calibration exercise for each data set from three experiments on the effect of concentrate supplementation on milk yield. The DSSTROP predictions and the results from the experiments were compared by regression analysis. The results suggest that the DSSTROP adequately predicts milk production (R 2 =0.74). The DSSTROP predictions suggest that milk production based solely on star grass may occur only between June to August. The highest milk yield (8.5kg cow -1 day -1 ) sustained solely on grass was achieved in June, followed by lower yields of <5kg cow -1 day -1 in July and August. Milk production without concentrates can be explained by the positive effects of the rain observed during June to August on grass growth, and to the fact that grass quality is best at the beginning of the rainy season. It is concluded that June to August is the best time of the year for milk production base solely on grass. It also was concluded that the use of large quantities of concentrates by farmers may be justi fi ed because milk production with star grass alone may not be possible especially during the dry season

Productive response of lambs fed Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia fruits in a tropical region of Mexico

polyethylene glycol (PEG) of the fruits of Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia was evaluated, the degradation kinetics of lamb diets with added fruit of the tree was determined, and the ration intake and growth rate of lambs fed these diets were measured. Twenty-five entire male lambs of 23.5± 0.44 kg body weight were used and distributed in treatments: T0 (control without fruit); T1 and T2, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of C. alata; and T3 and T4, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of G. ulmifoli

Effect of season on chemical composition and in situ degradability in cows and in adapted and unadapted goats of three Mexican browse species

Browse foliages from Lysiloma acapulcencis, Quercus laeta and Pithecellobium dulce, native to the subtropical region of southern México, were harvested during the dry season (DS) and rainy season (RS) to determine in situ degradability using ruminal inoculum from fistulated cows as well as goats previously adapted (AG) or not adapted (UG) to browse species fed in their daily diet. Browse leaf samples were incubated in the rumen of each group for 48 h. The crude protein (CP) content of browse was considerably higher in RS (P<0.001). P. dulce had the lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) and acid detergent fiber (ADFom) in the two seasons; L. acapulcencis had the highest values and Q. laeta values were intermediate, with an overall increase in fiber fractions in DS browse foliage (P<0.001). The lowest in situ degradability values were in L. acapulcencis and Q. laeta had intermediate values during both seasons. Season of harvest (RS or DS), and ruminal inoculum (cows, UG, and AG) affected (P<0.001) dry matter degradability (DMD), crude protein degradability (CPD) and fiber fractions of browse. Nutrient degradabilities in all species were higher (P<0.001) in DS than RS. Goats previously exposed to these browse species (AG) had higher (P<0.001) in situ degradability of the browse species than cows or goats in UG fed diets without browse. Overall, goats had higher (P<0.001) nutrient in situ degradability than cows. Our results suggest higher potential of these browse species as forages for ruminants during the dry period in semi-arid regions, but goats previously exposed to diets supplemented with the browse species had a better ability to degrade them than cows or goats in UG. P. dulce has the highest potential as a feed protein source in small ruminants during the dry period

Evaluación bacteriana de queso artesanal Zacazonapan madurado bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción

Traditional Zacazonapan cheeses have unique organoleptic characteristics and are characterized by being linked to the territory of origin. In the maturation process, there are many interactive variables that are responsible for physical, chemical, biological and structural changes. In order to evaluate the bacteriological evolution of artisanal cheeses during their maturation under non-controlled conditions in two production periods, samples of raw milk and cheese were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 150 d of maturation. The presence of molds and yeasts (MaY), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. (Salm) and Listeria spp. (List) was determined. The average microbial load was 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 and 8.10 log10 CFU/g of cheese for MaY, MAB, Staph and TC respectively, as well as 2.68 log10 MPN/g of cheese for FC. Salm was not detected but List was. The microbiological evolution of Zacazonapan matured cheese had counts that exceed the maximum levels of the Official Mexican Standard 243 SSA1 2010.Los quesos tradicionales Zacazonapan tienen características organolépticas únicas y se caracterizan por estar vinculados al territorio de origen. En el proceso de maduración se tienen numerosas variables interactivas que son responsables de los cambios físicos, químicos, biológicos y estructurales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución bacteriológica de quesos artesanales durante su maduración bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción, se colectaron muestras de leche cruda y de queso a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 150 días de maduración. Se determinó la presencia de mohos y levaduras (MyL), bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), Salmonella spp. (Salm) y Listeria spp. (List). La carga microbiana promedio fue 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 y 8.10 log10 UFC/g de queso para MyH, BMA, Staph y CT respectivamente, así como 2.68 log10 NMP/g de queso para CF. No se detectó Salm pero si List. La evolución microbiológica del queso madurado Zacazonapan presentó conteos que superan los niveles máximos de la Norma Oficial Mexicana 243 SSA1 2010

Efeito da digestibilidade da fibra na emissão de metano, produção e qualidade do leite em bovinos leiteiros

It is known that dairy cows' enteric methane emission (CH4) increases as diet fibre content increases. However, this positive linear relationship may not work in some tropical regions where dietary fibre is high and has low quality, which may reduce dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility. The present study evaluated the effect of increasing dietary fibre levels (&gt;40% of neutral detergent fibre; NDF) and its digestibility on DMI, milk production and composition, and CH4 emission from lactating dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four treatments of four dietary NDF levels= 40.2, 43.3, 46.5 and 50.5%, in a 4x4x2 Latin square experimental design; the experimental periods lasted 21 days each. Cows were fed TMR of corn-alfalfa silage and concentrate with a forage:concentrate ratio = 60:40. To reach increasing contents of NDF, part of the silage was replaced with corn stover. During 14 days of each period, cows were adapted to diet in individual pens and then moved to respiration chambers where DMI, nutrient digestibility, milk and CH4 production were measured. No effect on NDF, DMI and milk production was observed. However, CH4 production and CH4 yield decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) as NDF increased (421, 409, 362 and 336 l CH4/day and 32.1, 28.1, 23.1 and 21.3 l CH4/kg DMI, respectively). The fat content in milk was greater in cows fed higher fibre than in the control treatment (3.95 vs 3.65, respectively). Decreasing DM digestibility was found as NDF increased (73.6, 66.4, 62 and 58.5, respectively). The NDF digestibility explained better (P &lt; 0.0001) CH4 variability than DM digestibility (Pearson correlation coefficient= 0.89 vs 0.54, respectively). The increasing fibre content in experimental cows' diets reduced DM and fibre digestibility, which means reduced digestible substrate in the rumen and hence CH4 emission.El presente estudio evaluó el efecto de niveles crecientes de fibra en la dieta (&gt;40% de fibra detergente neutra; FDN) y su digestibilidad sobre el CMS, la producción y composición de la leche, y la emisión de CH4 de vacas lecheras en lactación. Ocho vacas Holstein fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a cuatro tratamientos con diferentes niveles de FDN en la dieta = 40.2, 43.3, 46.5 y 50.5%, en un diseño experimental de cuadrado latino 4×4 repetido dos veces. Las vacas se alimentaron con una TMR de ensilado de maíz-alfalfa y concentrado con una proporción 60 forraje: 40 concentrado. Para alcanzar niveles crecientes de FDN, parte del ensilado se sustituyó por rastrojo de maíz. No se observó ningún efecto sobre la FDN, el CMS y la producción de leche. Sin embargo, la producción y rendimiento de CH4 disminuyeron (P &lt; 0.0001) a medida que aumentaba la concentración de FDN en la dieta (421, 409, 362 y 336 l CH4/día y 32.1, 28.1, 23.1 y 21.3 l CH4/kg CMS respectivamente). El contenido de grasa en la leche fue mayor en las vacas alimentadas con mayor cantidad de fibra comparado con el tratamiento de control (3.95 vs 3.65 respectivamente). Se observó una disminución de la digestibilidad de la MS a medida que aumentaba la FDN (73.6, 66.4, 62 y 58.5, respectivamente). La digestibilidad de la FDN explicó mejor (P &lt; 0.0001) la variabilidad del CH4 que la digestibilidad de la MS (coeficiente de correlación de Pearson= 0.89 vs 0.54, respectivamente). El aumento del contenido de fibra en las dietas de las vacas, del presente estudio, redujo la digestibilidad de la MS y fibra, lo que sugiere una reducción del sustrato digestible en el rumen y, por tanto, de la emisión de CH4.O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de níveis crescentes de fibra dietética (&gt;40% fibra em detergente neutro; FDN) e sua digestibilidade sobre o DMC, produção e composição do leite e emissão de CH4 de vacas leiteiras em lactação. Oito vacas holandesas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos com diferentes níveis de FDN na dieta = 40,2, 43,3, 46,5 e 50,5%, em um delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 4×4 repetido duas vezes. As vacas foram alimentadas com TMR de silagem de milho-alfafa e concentrado na proporção de 60 forragem: 40 concentrado. Para atingir níveis crescentes de FDN, parte da silagem foi substituída por palha de milho. Não foi observado efeito sobre FDN, CMS e produção de leite. No entanto, a produção e o rendimento de CH4 diminuíram (P &lt; 0,0001) com o aumento da concentração de FDN na dieta (421, 409, 362 e 336 l CH4/dia e 32,1, 28,1, 23,1 e 21,3 l CH4/kg CMS, respectivamente). O teor de gordura do leite foi maior nas vacas alimentadas com a maior quantidade de fibra em comparação com o tratamento controle (3,95 vs 3,65, respectivamente). Observou-se diminuição da digestibilidade da MS com o aumento da FDN (73,6, 66,4, 62 e 58,5, respectivamente). A digestibilidade da FDN explicou melhor (P &lt; 0,0001) a variabilidade do CH4 do que a digestibilidade da MS (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson = 0,89 vs 0,54, respectivamente). O aumento do teor de fibra nas dietas das vacas, no presente estudo, reduziu a digestibilidade da MS e da fibra, o que sugere redução do substrato digestível no rúmen e, portanto, da emissão de CH4

CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL QUESO TEPEQUE DE LA TIERRA CALIENTE DE MICHOACÁN: UN QUESO PRODUCIDO EN UN SISTEMA SILVOPASTORIL INTENSIVO

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las características del Queso Tepeque de la Tierra Caliente del Estado de Michoacán en términos de su región de origen, proceso de manufactura, características fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas, y documentar los cambios atribuibles a la implementación de un sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi) para la alimentación del ganado. La metodología consintió en visitar la zona de estudio para recolectar información sobre el territorio donde se produce el queso, se realizaron entrevistas semi- estructuradas a productores para conocer el sistema de producción de leche y el proceso de elaboración del queso. Se determinaron las características físicas (pH y densidad) y químicas (contenidos de proteína, grasa, lactosa, sólidos no grasos y agua adicionada) de la leche que se emplea en la elaboración del queso. En el queso se determinó su contenido de proteína, grasa, sal, humedad, cenizas y pH. Se determinaron las características sanitarias de ambos productos incluyendo conteo de microorganismos mesófilos aerobios, coliformes, hongos, levaduras y la presencia de Listeria spp y Staphylococcus aureus. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el año 2010, se dividió en dos períodos, época de lluvias y época de estiaje. Se estudiaron 15 productores, siete del SSPi y ocho del sistema tradicional de producción de leche. Se observó que el Queso Tepeque es un producto de excelente calidad desde el punto de vista de sus principales nutrientes, está elaborado con leche de buena calidad fisicoquímica, tiene una historia y tradición que supera los 300 años. El queso elaborado con leche de SSPi presenta características similares (P>0.05) e incluso superiores en el contenido de grasa (P0.05) atribuibles al SSPi en ninguno de los parámetros evaluados. Finalmente, la calidad sanitaria de la leche y el queso fue deficiente en ambos sistemas, aunque el proceso de maduración atenúa este problema, por lo que el consumo de queso madurado y añejado se recomienda en lugar del queso oreado

Effect of Increasing Supplementation Levels of Coffee Pulp on Milk Yield and Food Intake in Dual-Purpose Cows: An Alternative Feed Byproduct for Smallholder Dairy Systems of Tropical Climate Regions

Se presenta el artículo en texto completoCoffee is one of the main traded commodities worldwide, unfortunately, it generates massive amounts of by-products like coffee pulp (CoP), which could be utilized as an alternative feedstuff for cattle contributing to mitigate coffee production environmental damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of CoP supplementation on milk production, milk composition, and grass dry matter intake (GDMI) by dual-purpose tropical cows. A 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design was conducted, where four multiparous dual-purpose Holstein x Cebu cows with an average live weight of 477 ± 7 kg and milk yield of 12.1 ± 2.7 kg/d were used. The cows grazed 10 h/d on a Cynodon plectostachius sward with a stocking rate of three cows/ha. All cows received 6 kg/d DM of an experimental concentrate (EC), and the treatments consisted of four supplementation levels of CoP: T1 = 0, T2 = 0.6, T3 = 0.9, and T4 = 1.2 kg DM/d, which was provided on top of the concentrate and mixed with the EC. Grass intake was determined by the n-alkanes technique. A significant difference was observed for the average total daily DM intake (p 0.05) were observed for milk yield, milk composition, body weight, and GDMI for all the inclusion levels of CoP. It was concluded that CoP can be included at levels of 0.6 to 0.9 kg DM/d in the diets of cows without compromising milk yield or GDMI.This research was funded by the ICAMEX-Estado de México under grant number 15-2005- 0724 and the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México under grant number 1873/2009C